The technology of wide-area measurements systems (WAMS) aims to make available high-quality, system-wide measurements for enhanced monitoring, control and protection applications in a large power system. A key feature of this technology is the precise time synchronisation of the measurements using global position system (GPS) satellites.This feature also allows for the direct measurement of phase angular differences between phasors at distant locations in a power grid. The advent of WAMS has spurred the development of novel methods to determine the health of a power grid.

Thermal sorption studies on Mg(H2) for vehicular applications

Low temperature refrigerators or cryocoolers generate temperatures below -150°C. Depending upon the working cycle or operating principles, there are various types of cryocoolers like Joule-Thompson, Stirling, Gifford-McMahon (GM), Pulse Tube, etc. These refrigerators are used to cool electronics, detectors in thermal imaging, gas cooling, cooling of pharma products,

With growth and advancement in science and technology, electronics and electrical systems continue to be placed in denser packaging and smaller enclosures. All electronic and electrical devices heat up while working. Due to compact packaging, their temperature rises as sufficient heat cannot be dissipated naturally. For high efficiency and reliable performance of electronic equipment, the rising of temperature above room temperature needs to be controlled. High rise in temperature can be detrimental for the working of the devices.

The use of fins to improve heat transfer in engineering systems such as heat-sinks, radiators and IC engines is very common. The present work numerically examines improvements or changes in thermal augmentation, which is possible if a deformable, fin-like structure instead of a rigid one is employed. In biology, employing flexible structures to improve heat transfer is common; for example, elephants thermoregulate their bodies by flapping their large ears, and thermal transport enhancement by oscillating cilia.

Thermal energy storage technologies can reduce the dependency on fossil fuel by making the solar radiation a viable option for electricity generation through solar thermal power plant. This can be done either by integrating with the national power grid or installing in the non-interconnected electric networks, such as small villages and localities.We are working on the design, analysis and development of Phase Change Material (PCM) based thermal energy storage system with small scale capacity (~10-100 kWt).

Gas hydrates, which are cages of water molecules entrapping hydrocarbons like methane, ethane etc., are solid snow-like substances found in deep seabed. They are billed as the future energy source as they hold more than two-thirds of world’s organic carbon. The extraction of these hydrocarbons (natural gas) poses several technical challenges, which the researchers worldwide are attempting to solve.First challenge is locating and estimating the potential of these gas hydrate bearing deposits in deep seabed (800 to 1500 m depth).

The rapid growth in population, industrialisation, and infrastructure, has led to over dependence on conventional non - renewable resources (viz., coal, petroleum, and natural gas) for fuel and energy generation, which eventually has resulted in fast depletion of these resources. In this context, naturally occurring methane gas hydrates (solid crystals with methane gas trapped inside water molecules) found in offshore and permafrost regions, can turn out to be one of the potential energy sources for overcoming the energy crunch in the near future.

The soil mass is subjected to elevated temperature due to construction of several thermo-active structures like tanks storing heated fluids, buried cables and pipelines, air conditioning ducts, rocket launching pad, disposal system of nuclear and thermal power plant wastes, etc. These result in conveyance of thermal energy through it. At times, the soil mass is subjected to temperature variation due to natural phenomena like freezing and thawing, seasonal and climatic variation, volcanic eruption, etc.

Many would be aware about the blue-painted houses of the ‘sun city’ Jodhpur, also known as the blue-city for many tourists, where the day temperature is average of about 33.6°C and the record high temperature is 54°C. While on a tour to Jodhpur, we were given to understand by tourist guides that houses are painted white and blue to protect it from the sun’s heat. Travel photos from the Mediterranean and Middle East often show a landscape of homes with white roofs and walls.

High consumption of electricity in running air conditioners / coolers in summer is a usual phenomenon. A rough estimate shows that there is a saving of Rs480 Crores per annum in electricity if the temperature of a roof-top house (size 1000 sq. ft and having a one ton AC, running only for 10 hours) is reduced by 10 o C. This in turn will reduce the carbon foot print and hence global warming.

Despite a tremendous interest on molybdenum disulphide as a thinnest direct band gap semiconductor with a huge potential for application in optoelectronics and plasmonics, single step synthesis of a large area purely monolayer MoS 2 film has not yet been reported. We have adopted a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) route to synthesise a continuous film of strictly monolayer MoS 2 covering an area as large as several mm 2 on a variety of different substrates without using any seeding material or any elaborate pre-treatment of the substrate.

Polycarbocyclic cage compounds

■ Synthesised from readily available starting materials in minimum number of steps

In comparison with conventional propellants/explosives, polycyclic cage compounds exhibit

■ High positive heat of formation (ΔH f ), high density, high angle and torsional strain

■ High specific impulse (I sp ), higher heat capacity, superior burning rate, greater heat release

■ Kinetic stability: stable to light, air and water, no spontaneous decomposition or shock sensitivity

Efficient use of energy is an age-old goal. But its importance has become even more apparent with the increased emphasis on human development and the increased use and thirst for more energy that it engenders.Efficient use of energy is an age-old goal. But its importance has become even more apparent with the increased emphasis on human development and the increased use and thirst for more energy that it engenders.

Our focus is on addressing energy concerns through the use of information and communication technologies:

Pinch Analysis was originally developed as a thermodynamic tool to conserve thermal energy in chemical process industries through a network of heat exchangers.

Due to the simple design, better atomisation and mixing characteristics, the impinging jet configuration has been a preferred injection system for storable liquid propellant rocket engines. The major problem associated with liquid propellant rocket engines using the impinging jet injector configuration is combustion instability. Acoustic oscillations in the combustion chamber affects the process atomisation leading to oscillatory sheet breakup and spray formation. This further causes unsteady heat release favorable for sustaining the combustion instability.

As we know, energy can’t be converted 100% into work. For instance, about more than a third of energy from fuel in internal combustion engine in a car goes into running the vehicle and majority of the fuel gets wasted as a heat. One can harness part of this waste heat (generated in vehicles, electronic circuits, factories as well as in natural heat sources) and turn it into useful energy, which can partly solve some of our energy problems. Thermoelectric materials converts part of the heat into useful electrical current.

Grain-oriented (GO) materials are commonly used in magnetic circuits of power transformers. They provide a high permeable path for the main magnetic flux with minimum iron (or core) losses for magnetisation along their rolling direction (RD). These materials exhibit hysteretic, anisotropic, and dynamic features in their magnetisation process. Numerical simulations have to be carried out to optimise design, to pre-estimate the losses, and to test design performance under transient conditions.

Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) are finding increased usage in the medium voltage range (1 - 52 kV) due to their robustness and compactness. As the entire current interruption process takes place inside a closed vacuum enclosure (vacuum bottle), the VCB is maintenance free. Vacuum technology has progressed over the years and VCBs have become increasingly compact. As a result they have developed an edge over SF6 circuit breakers. Presently, VCBs have a comparable market share as that of SF6 breakers in the switchgear sector.

With the rising demand of the energy, India is looking forward to implement advance technology named fracking to explore previously untapped shale gas resources and to rejuvenate old brown fields. In fracking, a large volume of water is forcefully injected in the subsurface to create fractures. These fractures facilitate the movement of hydrocarbons to the producing well. But one of the first and very crucial stages of fracking is the fracture-mechanical characterisation of the target rocks.