Earth observation image data are mainly characterised by (i) Spatial resolution – the ability of the imaging sensor to focus on very small areas and thereby distinguish between closely spaced features, and (ii) Spectral resolution – ability to observe the targets in a number of narrow wavelength bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.

High spatial resolution images allow image analysis based on objects (regions) in terms of their shape, size, and spectral homogeneity, examples which can be seen below:

िहंदीशब्दमित्र(Hindi Shabdamitra) is an e-learning product meant for Hindi language teaching and learning.It uses Hindi Wordnet which is further augmented with audio-visual features, grammatical properties and is presented in a learner-friendly layered format.

Integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) has two key components namely multi-scale modeling beginning with first principles and data informatics for better design of products. Both components are focused on shortercycle of product development and efficient use of materials and resources leading to lower cost of manufacturing.‘Integrated’ means integration of interdisciplinary technology to desired product via multi-scale  qmodeling. In the ‘bottom-up’ approach of ICME one starts from first principles, designs a material for a given application.

Reactivity initiated accident (RIA) or loss of coolant accident (LOCA) in a nuclear reactor may lead to sudden temperature rise. Accidents caused by RIA or LOCA condition may lead to a dynamic expansion of fuel pallets. This results into a multi-axial state of deformation caused by high thermal loading (1000 o Cs -1 ) in presence of extreme conditions of irradiation. Low temperature in early stage transient, metal-water reaction and accumulated irradiation in a high burn-up clad may also lead to a brittle failure.

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are amorphous alloys with enhanced properties such as high strength, large elastic strain, corrosion resistance, high fatigue and fracture toughness in comparison with their crystalline counterparts. This makes BMGs suitable for deployment in many applications. However, upon loading uniaxially beyond their yield point, most BMGs fail catastrophically, displaying very little plastic strain. This limits the use of BMGs in load bearing applications.

Patterns are ubiquitous in nature – such as the stripes on a cat or the dunes of sand on a beach. In many engineering materials, at length scales which can only be seen under a microscope, we often see patterns that form liked stripes or lamellar structures. In addition, many interesting shapes – such as, pyramids, cuboids, plates, and prisms – are often seen under the microscope.

Background

One of the major objectives of Science and Heritage Initiative (SandhI) at IIT Bombay is to create a large data-base of Sanskrit texts (to begin with that dealing with Science and Technology) in searchable format. To meet this end, we decided to resort to OCR techniques. Given the limitations of different tools available, some efforts were launched to synthesise the available tools and thereby increase efficiency of the process.

The problem

Asking relevant and intelligent questions has always been an integral part of human learning, as it can help assess user understanding of a piece of text (a comprehension, an article, etc.). However, forming questions manually has always been an arduous task. Automated question generation (QG) systems can help alleviate this problem by learning to generate questions and answers on a large scale and in lesser time. Such a system has many applications in a myriad of other areas such as FAQ generation, intelligent tutoring systems, and virtual assistants.

Optical character recognition (OCR) is the process of converting the document images into an editable electronic format. This has many advantages like data compression, enabling search or edit options in the images/text, and creating the database for other applications like machine translation, speech recognition, and enhancing dictionaries and language models. OCR in Indian Languages is quite challenging due to richness in inflections.

Surveillance cameras have emerged as very effective and important aspect of security and monitoring. Unfortunately however, they suffer from two serious challenges. First, their effectiveness in preventing a mishap is limited by the alertness levels of humans who are expected to monitor a grid of live feeds from many cameras 24X7. Since humans are not known for large attention spans, more often than not the mishap misses the eyes of the on-duty guards and the purpose is defeated. The recorded CCTV footages then at best serve to understand what happened, as a post-mortem analysis.